Pancreaticoduodenectomy, commonly known as the Whipple procedure, is a complex surgical operation involving the removal of the head of the pancreas, the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), a portion of the bile duct, the gallbladder, and sometimes part of the stomach. This procedure is primarily performed to treat pancreatic cancer located in the head of the pancreas, as well as other conditions such as benign pancreatic tumors, chronic pancreatitis, or tumors of the bile duct. The goal of the surgery is to remove the cancerous or diseased tissue and restore the digestive tract's continuity by reconstructing the digestive system. Despite its potential to improve outcomes in patients with pancreatic cancer or other pancreatic conditions, pancreaticoduodenectomy carries several risks and complications. The procedure is associated with a high rate of post-operative complications, including infection, bleeding, and delayed wound healing. A common complication is pancreatic leakage, where digestive fluids leak from the remaining pancreas, which can lead to infection or abdominal pain. Patients may also experience gastrointestinal issues such as delayed gastric emptying, where the stomach empties too slowly, and malabsorption due to the loss of digestive enzymes. Additionally, there is a risk of diabetes as a result of the loss of insulin-producing pancreatic tissue. Long-term complications may include weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, and changes in bowel habits. Post-operative care is crucial for managing these risks, monitoring for complications, and supporting recovery through nutritional management and follow-up care.
