Myotomy is a surgical procedure that involves the incision or cutting of muscle tissue, typically to relieve conditions caused by abnormal muscle contractions or obstructions. It is most commonly performed on the esophagus, specifically for treating achalasia, a disorder where the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) fails to relax properly, impeding the passage of food and causing symptoms like difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and regurgitation. During a myotomy for achalasia, the surgeon cuts the muscles of the LES to improve the ability of the esophagus to transport food into the stomach. The primary cause for a myotomy is the need to correct muscle dysfunction that disrupts normal bodily functions. For esophageal myotomy, the procedure addresses the failure of the LES to relax, which is often due to nerve damage affecting muscle coordination. Myotomy can also be used in other contexts, such as in treating certain cases of esophageal spasm or other gastrointestinal motility disorders.
Despite its effectiveness, myotomy carries potential risks and complications. These include infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding organs. A common complication following esophageal myotomy is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), as the cut muscles may weaken the LES, allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus. Other risks include difficulty swallowing, persistent pain, or the need for additional surgical procedures. Post-operative care is crucial for managing complications, and follow-up treatments, including medication or lifestyle changes, may be required to ensure the best outcome.
