A liver biopsy is a medical procedure used to obtain a small sample of liver tissue for examination under a microscope. This test helps diagnose liver conditions, assess the extent of liver damage, and determine the appropriate treatment plan. The biopsy can be performed using several techniques, including percutaneous (through the skin), transjugular (through a vein in the neck), or laparoscopic (using a thin, flexible tube inserted through a small incision in the abdomen). During a percutaneous liver biopsy, a needle is inserted through the skin into the liver to collect a tissue sample. This method is the most common and is usually guided by ultrasound to ensure accurate needle placement.
A liver biopsy is typically indicated when there are signs of liver disease, such as abnormal liver function tests, jaundice, unexplained abdominal pain, or a known liver condition that needs further evaluation. Conditions that may be diagnosed or monitored include hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, and liver tumors. While a liver biopsy is generally safe, it can have complications. Common issues include pain or discomfort at the biopsy site, bleeding, or infection. More serious complications, though rare, can include significant bleeding, which may require a blood transfusion or additional procedures, and injury to adjacent organs or the liver itself. In some cases, patients may experience a buildup of fluid in the abdomen (ascites) following the procedure. Proper patient assessment and technique, along with post-procedure monitoring, help minimize these risks and ensure a successful biopsy.
