In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedure in which an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body in a laboratory setting. The process begins with ovarian stimulation, where fertility medications are administered to a woman to produce multiple eggs. Once the eggs mature, they are retrieved through a minor surgical procedure and combined with sperm in a petri dish for fertilization. After fertilization occurs, the resulting embryos are monitored for a few days before one or more are selected for transfer into the woman's uterus, where implantation and pregnancy can hopefully occur. IVF is often used to treat infertility caused by various factors, including blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, male factor infertility (such as low sperm count or motility), ovulation disorders, endometriosis, or unexplained infertility. It may also be employed in cases where other fertility treatments have failed or in situations involving genetic concerns, allowing for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) of embryos before transfer. While IVF has helped many couples achieve pregnancy, it comes with potential complications. These can include ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), a condition where the ovaries become swollen and painful due to overstimulation by fertility drugs. Other risks include multiple pregnancies, which can increase the chances of preterm birth and low birth weight, as well as the emotional and financial stress associated with the process. Additionally, there is a small risk of ectopic pregnancy, where the embryo implants outside the uterus. Despite these challenges, IVF remains one of the most effective treatments for infertility, offering hope to many couples struggling to conceive.
