Benign neck masses are non-cancerous growths that can occur in various anatomical locations within the neck and can appear in individuals of all ages. These masses are often discovered incidentally during medical examinations or imaging studies, although some may present with symptoms such as swelling, discomfort, or changes in swallowing or breathing. Common types of benign neck masses include lymphadenopathy, which is an enlargement of the lymph nodes due to infections, inflammatory diseases, or reactive hyperplasia; thyroglossal duct cysts, which are congenital lesions that arise from remnants of the thyroglossal duct and can present as a midline neck mass; and branchial cleft cysts, which also have a developmental origin and typically appear along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. These cysts are often filled with fluid and can become infected, leading to the formation of abscesses. Another form includes lipomas, which are benign tumors composed of adipose (fat) tissue and are generally soft and movable, often requiring surgical excision only if they are symptomatic or cosmetically concerning. Carotid body tumors, while less common, are also benign and arise from the carotid body, a small cluster of chemoreceptor cells that can become hyperplastic, leading to an enlarged mass that may be discovered during imaging. Salivary gland lesions, such as pleomorphic adenomas, represent another category of benign neck masses. These tumors arise from the salivary glands and can present as painless swellings. Although they are non-cancerous, they can still cause issues by compressing adjacent structures. Diagnosis of benign neck masses often involves a thorough clinical examination, imaging studies like ultrasound or MRI, and, if necessary, a fine-needle aspiration biopsy to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. Treatment of benign neck masses typically varies depending on the specific type, size, and symptoms; many do not require intervention other than monitoring, while others may necessitate surgical excision to alleviate discomfort or prevent complications. For instance, infected cysts might need to be drained, whereas lymphadenopathy due to infectious processes might resolve with appropriate medical management. It is essential for healthcare providers to carefully assess the characteristics of the neck mass, patient history, and associated symptoms to guide management effectively. Although most benign neck masses carry a low risk of malignancy, they can raise concern among patients and their families, highlighting the importance of clear communication and education about the benign nature of these conditions. In summary, benign neck masses encompass a wide range of non-cancerous entities that can arise from various tissues in the neck, requiring a thoughtful approach to diagnosis and management to ensure optimal patient care.
