Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a condition where the mitral valve in the heart does not close properly, causing blood to leak backward into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. This backflow of blood increases the volume and pressure in the left atrium and can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, and swelling in the legs and feet. Over time, untreated mitral regurgitation can cause the heart to work harder, leading to complications like atrial fibrillation, heart failure, or pulmonary hypertension. The causes of mitral regurgitation can be diverse. It can result from degenerative changes in the mitral valve, such as mitral valve prolapse, where the valve flaps become stretched or loose. Rheumatic heart disease, a complication of rheumatic fever, can cause the mitral valve to thicken and become scarred, leading to regurgitation. Other causes include endocarditis (an infection of the heart valves), ischemic heart disease (damage due to a heart attack), and congenital heart defects. Functional mitral regurgitation occurs when the left ventricle dilates or becomes impaired, distorting the valve's normal function.
Treatment for mitral regurgitation depends on the severity and symptoms. Mild cases may only require regular monitoring and medical management with medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, or ACE inhibitors to control symptoms and prevent complications. Severe cases may require surgical intervention, such as mitral valve repair or replacement, especially if symptoms worsen or the heart's function is compromised. Minimally invasive techniques, such as transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER), may also be options for certain patients. Early diagnosis and regular follow-up with a cardiologist are crucial for managing mitral regurgitation effectively.
