Melasma is a common skin condition characterized by the development of dark, irregular patches on the skin, primarily affecting areas exposed to sunlight, such as the face. These patches are typically brown or grayish-brown and most commonly appear on the cheeks, forehead, upper lip, and chin. Melasma is more prevalent in women, particularly during pregnancy, and is often referred to as the mask of pregnancy. The condition can also affect men, though less frequently. The primary cause of melasma is excessive production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, which results from various factors. Sun exposure is a significant trigger, as ultraviolet (UV) rays stimulate melanin production. Hormonal changes are another major factor; melasma is often associated with pregnancy (chloasma), the use of oral contraceptives, or hormone replacement therapy. Additionally, genetic predisposition plays a role, with a higher incidence among individuals with a family history of the condition. Other contributing factors include certain medications, such as birth control pills, and skin irritation.
Treatment for melasma focuses on reducing pigmentation and preventing recurrence. Topical treatments such as hydroquinone, retinoids, or azelaic acid can help lighten dark patches by inhibiting melanin production and promoting skin turnover. Sunscreen is crucial in preventing further darkening and protecting the skin from UV rays. In more persistent cases, procedures like chemical peels, microdermabrasion, or laser therapy may be used to improve skin appearance. Regular consultation with a dermatologist is important for managing melasma effectively and tailoring treatment to individual needs, ensuring both symptom relief and preventive care.
