Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing a dangerous drop in core body temperature below 95°F (35°C). This condition can result from prolonged exposure to cold environments, immersion in cold water, or inadequate clothing and shelter in cold weather. Hypothermia impairs the body's ability to regulate temperature, leading to potentially life-threatening complications if not addressed promptly.
The primary causes of hypothermia include prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, wet conditions, or wind. It can also occur in situations where individuals are unable to generate sufficient body heat, such as during cold-water immersion, or when appropriate clothing and shelter are lacking. Other risk factors include advanced age, certain medical conditions that affect heat regulation (such as diabetes or thyroid disorders), and alcohol or drug use, which can impair the body's ability to respond to cold. Symptoms of hypothermia develop progressively and can range from mild to severe. Early symptoms may include shivering, cold and pale skin, confusion, and slurred speech. As hypothermia progresses, shivering may stop, and symptoms such as lethargy, weakness, numbness, and impaired coordination can occur. Severe hypothermia can lead to unconsciousness, a slowed heart rate, shallow breathing, and, in extreme cases, cardiac arrest. Treatment for hypothermia involves immediate and gradual rewarming of the body. This includes moving the person to a warmer environment, removing wet clothing, and using blankets or warm, dry clothing. If the person is conscious, they should be given warm, non-alcoholic beverages. In severe cases, medical intervention is necessary, including the use of warmed intravenous fluids and, if needed, advanced rewarming techniques such as heated blankets or warm air systems.
Prompt medical attention is crucial for severe hypothermia, as it can lead to complications like frostbite, cardiac arrhythmias, and organ failure if not treated appropriately. Preventive measures include dressing in layers, staying dry, and avoiding prolonged exposure to cold environments to reduce the risk of hypothermia.
