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Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by damage to the optic nerve, which can lead to vision loss and potentially blindness if untreated. It is often associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP), the pressure inside the eye, although it can occur with normal or even low pressure. The condition typically progresses slowly and may not present noticeable symptoms in its early stages, making regular eye examinations crucial for early detection. The primary cause of glaucoma is the buildup of aqueous humor, the fluid that fills the front part of the eye, which can occur if the drainage system of the eye is blocked or inefficient. This increased pressure damages the optic nerve over time. The most common type is primary open-angle glaucoma, where the drainage canals become clogged slowly, leading to gradual vision loss. Another type, angle-closure glaucoma, occurs when the iris is too close to the drainage angle, causing a sudden increase in pressure and symptoms like severe eye pain, nausea, and headache. Other forms include normal-tension glaucoma, where optic nerve damage occurs despite normal eye pressure, and secondary glaucoma, which arises from other medical conditions or injuries. Treatment for glaucoma aims to reduce intraocular pressure to prevent further damage to the optic nerve. This is typically achieved through medications such as eye drops that lower eye pressure, including prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. In cases where medication is insufficient, surgical interventions may be necessary. Laser treatments, such as laser trabeculoplasty, can help improve fluid drainage, while more invasive surgical procedures might create a new drainage pathway or implant a drainage device. Regular monitoring and adherence to prescribed treatments are essential to managing glaucoma effectively and preserving vision. Early diagnosis and proactive management are key to preventing significant vision loss from this condition.