Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory condition of the nasal mucous membranes caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens. It is characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy or watery eyes, and an itchy throat or ears. Allergic rhinitis can be classified into seasonal, often triggered by pollen from trees, grasses, or weeds, and perennial, caused by year-round allergens such as dust mites, mold, pet dander, or cockroach droppings. When an individual with allergic rhinitis encounters these allergens, their immune system mistakenly identifies them as harmful, leading to the release of histamines and other inflammatory substances that cause the symptoms. Treatment for allergic rhinitis typically involves a combination of allergen avoidance, medications, and sometimes immunotherapy. Avoiding known allergens, such as keeping windows closed during high pollen seasons, using air purifiers, and regularly cleaning bedding and carpets, can help minimize symptoms. Medications commonly used include antihistamines, which help block histamines and reduce symptoms, nasal corticosteroids, which decrease inflammation in the nasal passages, and decongestants, which alleviate nasal congestion. Nasal saline rinses can also help clear allergens and mucus from the nasal passages. For individuals with persistent or severe allergic rhinitis that does not respond to conventional treatments, allergen immunotherapy, or allergy shots, may be recommended to gradually desensitize the immune system to specific allergens. Consulting a healthcare professional is important for accurate diagnosis and to develop an effective treatment plan tailored to individual needs.
